James Joyces Ulysses - Balancing Information in Ithaca...

James Joyces Ulysses - Balancing Information in Ithaca I hold this book [Ulysses] to be the most important expression which the present age has found; it is a book to which we are all indebted, and from which none of us can escape. T.S. Elliot In the midst of Ithaca, the climactic second to last episode of Ulysses, James Joyce provides the necessary information for calculating how much excrement, in pounds, is produced annually by the entire population of Ireland (p. 718). The type of information offered is not, however, the most shocking quality of the narrative. Instead, it is the amount of information Joyce presents to the reader that comes as a shock. Ithaca is the only episode in Ulysses which offers too much†¦show more content†¦The fact that Joyce titled his novel Ulysses but edited out the episode titles we still use today creates several major dilemmas. To what extent is Ulysses simply a modern retelling of The Odyssey? How important are the links that can be drawn between the two novels? The information-rich narrative of Ithaca helps resolve these dilemmas. As Bloom and Stephen return to Blooms house, a great deal of links are established with The Odyssey. Like Odysseus, Bloom enters his house through a stratagem (p. 668). Stephen is link to Telemachus as he helps lock the door to the house (p. 669). Bloom, like Odysseus, fumigates his house sees that his furniture had been moved (pp. 675, 705). Stephen and Bloom witness a celestial sign as they pee, much like the appearance of Athena in the climax of the battle between Odysseus and the suitors (p. 703). Joyce strengthens the importance of The Odyssey to his novel through these connections, which often employ the same language used in Homers epic. Both Bloom and Odysseus corrugate their brow as they look over the state of affairs before them (p. 675). This is only a partial list of the correspondences one can draw between the two books. The multiplicity of parallels between the two works in Ithaca support The Odysseys importance in understanding Ulysses. However, the information-oriented narrative works in a contrary fashion as well, clarifying that Ulysses is not simply a retelling of The Odyssey. Stephens

The Nature of the Soul Free Essays

In St. Thomas Aquinas’ comprehensive Summa Theologica, the work consists of a detailed summary that pertains to the theological explanation on the notion of the existence of God and the relationship between God and man. The summa also tackles the divine reconciliation of man and how it is achieved through Christ. We will write a custom essay sample on The Nature of the Soul or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aquinas also enumerates the nature of God and proofs of his existence through questions supported by arguments and claims. This method adopts several Aristotelian concepts where Aquinas explains the nature, origin, and purpose of the universe and how the totality of all concepts in a universal existence as an integral part in achieving that purpose. Aquinas attempts to explain the totality of universal existence of the soul, the existence of God, and Catholic doctrines through a rationalistic view. Aquinas attempts to explain the nature of the human soul by positing seven questions coupled with several objections in order to clearly define the soul’s nature. These questions ask whether the soul is a body and whether the soul is a subsistence. Aquinas’ inquiry is furthered into the question of the souls of brute animals, if man’s soul is composed of body, soul, matter, and form. The last two questions inquire on the soul’s corruptibility and its comparison to the species of angels. First, Aquinas asks whether the soul is a body and poses the following objections. The soul is a body since the soul is the foremost moving principle and the body cannot act without a soul. Thus, if there is a thing that moves but not moved, according to Aquinas, that thing is the main cause of eternal movement. Hence, Aquinas proves that the soul is a body since the soul is a mover that is moved, and every mover moved possesses a body. To further the objection, Aquinas elaborates that knowledge is caused by likeness that is integral in assuming corporeal things. â€Å"If, therefore, the soul were not a body, it could not have knowledge of corporeal things† (Aquinas 663). The nature of the soul then is defined as the main principle or essence that is present in all things that live, which Aquinas calls as animate, meaning having a soul. The inanimate are those that have no life. Life is separated by knowledge and movement. Furthermore, Aquinas criticizes the ancient philosophers of having to maintain the ideal that the soul is corporeal or specified in the physical aspect. â€Å"The philosophers of old, not being able to rise above their imagination, supposed that the principle of these actions was something corporeal; for they asserted that only bodies were real things, and that what is not corporeal is nothing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Aquinas 663). The ancient philosophers (the pre-Platonics, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle) defined the soul as a material essence as a part of the universal order. If the soul is not corporeal or bordered by physical matter, then it cannot be construed as something real. Aquinas rejects this statement by manifesting the difference between the body and soul. â€Å"For it is clear that to be a principle of life, or to be a living thing, does not belong to a body as such; since of, that were the case, every body would be a living thing, or a principle of life† (Aquinas, 664). Thus, the soul is the act of the body, since the body in itself is the first principle that defines life. Aquinas attempts to differentiate the soul between the animate and inanimate as well as the rational and irrational souls. Unique to human beings, man has will of reason or the ability to conceptualize choice. This will of reason is also the rational appetite of the individual that attempts to fulfill its purpose and attaining the good. In addition, Aquinas answers his first objection through the soul as something that is moved. Everything that moves is definitely moved by something else but not every mover is moved. Thus, certain things remain stationary or permanent as an effect of preceding causes. This explains the nature of the soul as a thing that is not essentially moved but moved accidentally. The body is then a thing that is moved inessentially, contrary to the soul. To be moved means that the soul passes from being a potential to being real or actual. The soul transcends from bodily knowledge through the intellect – immaterial and universal. However, God is the source of understanding and therefore is the only being capable of true understanding. Furthermore, the soul is divided into the cognitive soul, wherein it has the choice of forming understanding and sensation. Contrary to Plato’s Theory of Forms where knowledge is derived, Aquinas argues that real knowledge comes from God: â€Å"Now participated existence is limited by the capacity of the participator, so that God alone, who is his own existence, is pure act and infinite† (Aquinas, 671). Knowledge is then formed through the combination of the potential or passive senses (body) and the active or actual intellect (soul). On the question of the soul’s subsistence, Aquinas equates the soul as an act of understanding, meaning that the soul is the action of the body. Thus, the soul necessarily becomes incorporeal (separate from the body) and subsistent. Man can only understand the nature of all physical things through the body. â€Å"For it is clear that by means of the intellect, man can have knowledge of all corporeal things. Now whatever knows certain things cannot have any of them in its own nature; because that which is in it naturally would impede the knowledge of anything else† (Aquinas, 665). Man’s experiences are then dependent on the body, which is the only avenue in understanding the physical knowledge, different from the understanding of the soul. Similar to the foremost arguments and objections, man’s soul is rational, and thus separates itself from that of animalistic reason. â€Å"The body is necessary for the action of the intellect, not as its origin of action, but on the part of the object; for the phantasm is to the intellect what color is for sight† (Aquinas, 666). Thus, these mental images are essential in acquiring knowledge as well as utilizing the use of sense experience in order to abstract such forms for understanding. On the notion of the soul’s incorruptibility, Aquinas argues that the soul may be corrupted in two ways: per se and accidentally. He argues that any substance that can be corrupted accidentally is impossible since corruption is considered as a thing, along with existence. â€Å"Therefore, whatever has existence ‘per se’ cannot be generated or corrupted except ‘per se’; while things which do not subsist, such as accident and material forms, acquire existence or lost through the generation or corruption of composite things† (Aquinas, 672). Man’s soul is then dependent on the subjective sensual experience that the individual experiences everyday in attaining the ideal since man is created in the image and likeness of God. The passage also implies causal explanations towards the nature of man’s choice—that every actions constitutes a reaction that necessarily ‘corrupts’ the soul of man. This corruption comes from man itself and not from another generation or cause. The soul remains pure while the body experiences corruption because of misleading sensual experiences that does not act as universals. In addition, Aquinas adds that even though the soul may be composed by matter and form, it still remains incorruptible for corruption possesses contradiction. â€Å"Since generation and corruption are from contraries and into contraries. Wherefore the heavenly bodies, since they have no matter subject to contrariety, are incorruptible†¦there can be nor contrariety in the human soul for it receives according to the manner of its existence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Aquinas 673). The attainment of knowledge lies in the nature of man’s soul where the intellectual capability of the individual is a separate entity from that of the soul while remaining a part of the soul. The soul is also the capacity to reason, a similar term used by Platonic philosophers and the like as a means of attaining knowledge. Aquinas shares the same similarities with Aristotle as man’s essence is its rationality. However, Aquinas does not total man’s entirety with rationality, contrary to Aristotle. In addition, Aquinas also rejects the nature of innate ideas of Plato since the physical mind forms ‘phantasms’ that are derived mental images from sensual experience. From this, human being form passive knowledge from experience and the soul forms active knowledge. â€Å"Further, if the soul were subsistent, it would have some operation apart from the body. However, it has no operation apart from the body, not even that of understanding; for the act of understanding does not take place without a phantasm, which cannot exist apart from the body† (Aquinas, 665). These phantasms are not considered as universal knowledge since there is would be subjectivism instead of an objective standard of truth. According to Aquinas, God is the only source of knowledge contrary to a subjective sensual experience which contradicts the notion of an objective truth. The soul is then a reaction, the unmoved object that grants substantial truth as it relates itself to the function of the body. Moreover, the body is also an integral part of knowledge, as it provides sensual experience that directly hands abstractions. Though sensual experience does not necessitate in becoming universal knowledge, the soul’s active intellect filters the passive knowledge of the body into one. However, even though sense experience is necessary in formulation phantasms or mental images of an object as well as a universal concepts that applies to all things, it is impossible to have knowledge of a particular material object because there is already a conception of a mental image of it. Though the way to know the essence of a physical object is through abstraction, we cannot entirely have a real grasp of what that object is. All knowledge then is necessitated as abstract. This abstraction process leads to the use of scientific knowledge where there is an inkling of knowledge through cause and effect. On the other hand, it remains that the intellect has limitations with regard to abstract knowledge. We may have a concept or a grasp of what is sweet or sour through experience but we can never understand the real meaning of sweetness and sourness in itself. How to cite The Nature of the Soul, Papers

International Business morality Essay Example For Students

International Business morality Essay Societys general conception of the fundamental marketplace has dramatically changed within recent years. Throughout most of history, commerce has existed primarily (and, at times, solely) in the domestic realm, only on rare occasions interacting on an international level. However, with major technological advances occurring within the past century (and even more so, during the past decade) concerning both transportation (air travel, better seafaring and larger ships) and communication (telephones, the Internet), almost all business conducted by a mediocre to major firm operating from within a semi-industrialized to industrialized nation can be (and most often is) considered multinational. With the everyday business arena now expanded to include a variety of cultural and moral norms which are dependent upon their respective nations (and their intrinsic ideologies), corporations are currently forced to deal with an important issue; how should they conduct their affairs in foreign marke ts (When in Rome, should they do as the Romans do?) (ETB 514)? Broadly speaking, there are two paths which may be taken: either a company can (a) adhere to both the universal and domestic moral modes of business which they would regularly apply in their affairs at home or (b) they can conform to the ethics and morals of the host country (the country in which they are conducting the business). In this essay I will seek to provide two arguments, one which concentrates on supporting path a and another which refutes a and supports b. In Defense of Retaining Domestic Practices in Foreign Markets As American modes of ethical business standards continue to evolve and become increasingly better, it becomes more and more obvious that it should be regarded as the model for all markets, foreign and domestic. Despite criticism from other nations, our multinational business policies should reflect what we hold true in our affairs at home. Two maxims of American ideology rebuke the opinion of When in Rome, do as the Romans do. First, no one, including businesses, should morally be permitted to freeload (simply put, freeloading is the practice of accepting advantages offered by a certain situation while not accepting its disadvantages) (EDB 531). When placed in a situation where freeloading is a viable option, many businesses are eager to take advantage of it due to its profitability (most often this is in the case of bribery). There is something essentially wrong with this practice in our society, however. Most modern societies function on a system of benefits and burdens. Each member of society is expected to accept both the benefits and the burdens adherent to their situation and actions. For example, when you steal money you are attempting to acquire a benefit without the adjunct burden (earning it). When such a person is caught doing such, they are almost certainly prosecuted and made to accept the burden (usually in the form of jail time or fines). When a business receives a bribe or a kickback, they are essentially accepting a benefit of the laws against those practices while not suffering the burdens associated with those laws (EDB 531). The second idea which American morality supposes is that of inalienable human rights. Presently, it can be assumed that there is (in most cases) international standards of human rights as designated by the signatories of the United Nations Declaration of Universal Human Rights and by various treaties addressing the issue (EBD 516). Unfortunately, often times, the differing business and social standards in foreign markets/countries allow for firms to take advantage of that countrys populace in ways which are not available (or even legal) in our society. While companies certainly should not be required to provide aid for the people of the countries they are dealing with, they should be aware of the people in these nations that they are affecting by means of their business within those borders. A clear example of the all-to-common disregard for the welfare of those of foreign countries is that of the Nestl corporation and its profit maximizing techniques in third world nations. Because of declining sales of infant formula in industrialized countries, Nestl (and other c orporations) made a decision to aggressively market its product in developing nations and thus open up new arenas in which to become profitable once again. Despite .

Utilitarianism Essays (1113 words) - Utilitarianism,

Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill suggests that a person's ethical decision-making process should be based solely upon the amount of happiness that the person can receive. Although Mill fully justifies himself, his approach lacks certain criteria for which happiness can be considered. Happiness should be judged, not only by pleasure, but by pain as well. This paper will examine Mill's position on happiness, and the reasoning behind it. Showing where there are agreements and where there are disagreements will critique the theory of Utilitarianism. By showing the problems that the theory have will reveal what should make up ethical decision-making. John Stuart Mill supports and explains his reasoning in his book, Utilitarianism. Mill illustrates the guidelines of his theory. Mill defines utilitarianism as the quest for happiness. His main point is that one should guide his or her judgements by what will give pleasure. Mill believes that a person should always seek to gain pleasure and reject pain. Utilitarianism also states that the actions of a person should be based upon the"greatest happiness principle". This principle states that ethical actions command the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. Mill further explores the need for pleasure by noting "a being of higher faculties requires more to make him happy." . He acknowledges that some pleasures are more alluring than others are. He adds to this by making known that when placing value in things to calculate pleasure, not only quantity important but quality as well. Mill's criteria for happiness is easily understood, some statements that he gives are questionable. John Stuart Mill plainly laid out what he believes that the basis for ethical decision-making. First, the pursuit of pleasure is directly related to happiness. This idea can be easily accepted. It is natural for a person to focus his goals on things that will bring him pleasure. It would be absurd if someone's goal in life was to be poor and starving. This being said, it does not mean that people are only happy due wealth but that no one's goals are focused on poverty. Although there are many issues that can be agreeable with Mill, there are problems that exist with his theory of utilitarianism. First, Mill says that all ethical decisions should be based on pleasure. This statement becomes questionable when Mill states that pleasure is the sole requirement for happiness. Pain indirectly effects happiness. Pain is an indirect factor because is not the object of one's happiness, but is an obstacle which one must overcome to gain it. If one is to avoid all pain in his or her life, then how will that person truly know what true pleasure feels like? True pleasure comes only after experiencing pain. If a person always wins a race, does he or she feel true pleasure each time they win or does it turn into a feeling that they come to expect? If there is a person who loses races constantly, will his happiness be greater when he finally wins? The rewards and pleasures of the second person would greatly outweigh the feelings of happiness the first had because he or she knows how it feels to be defeated. The second person knows the pain that is received because of failure so when he when he will recognize the joy and pleasure that comes with winning. Using this same setting, would it be better for the second person to run in races filled with people who are not matched in skill just so he may always win or should he or she race individuals who are equally matched? Although the first would produce pleasure, the second example would yield the greater amount of pleasure due to the understanding that the competition was evenly matched. Both of these examples show that pain can ultimately cause pleasure, and in some cases the presence of pain will increase the feeling of happiness. Another point were there is disagreement is when Mill justifies the pursuit of pleasure by saying "actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness." This statement is not universally true. People have different perspectives, what is pleasure for one could be pain for another. Who is right and is wrong? A problem evolves because there is no set definition pertaining to what is pleasurable therefore right and painful therefore wrong. The final disagreement with Utilitarian states that if someone saves a person who is drowning, the rescuer did what is morally right even if his

How to Write an Awesome Professional Bio That Stands Out (Template)

How to Write an Awesome Professional Bio That Stands Out (Template) As a marketer, you’ll likely need to write a professional bio at some point. Whether writing one for yourself, a client, or coworkers listed on your company’s â€Å"about us† page, it’s a common piece of content you might be asked to create. They appear everywhere, from social media profiles, to blog post author boxes, to personal and business websites. Too often though, they’re treated like an afterthought, which is unfortunate. After all, what’s the first thing you read when you come across an interesting blog post, a new company, or social media account? A bio is a natural place to start. So, what happens if what you find sounds boring or generic? You’ll think that person is boring and generic too, and that isn’t the kind of impression any serious marketer should want to make. Fortunately, business doesn’t have to be boring, and neither does anyone’s professional summary. In this post, you’ll find: Tons of examples illustrating what makes effective bios so good. A simple process to make writing one, either for yourself or a client, easy. Free templates to wrap up the whole project in a flash. Sure, you could settle for boring and generic. But, you’re better than that. So, keep reading and learn how to do the job right. What is ? is an industry-leading marketing management calendar platform that helps teams keep everything organized, all in one place. See how it works or start your free trial now. Download Your Free Professional Bio Templates Best of all, you don’t have to write one from scratch. Instead, download these free templates and you’ll be able to fill in the blanks to write one well. There are options here for the following: Websites Blog authorship boxes Twitter profiles Snag ‘em now and continue with the rest of this post. In general, they’re a description or summary of someone’s professional background, educational history, skill set, and/or achievements. In some cases, such as a Twitter bio, they might be short, or in others they could be a few paragraphs (such as on an about page on a blog or website). What Makes Them So Important? People come across so many different pieces of information on the web that it’s tough to keep everything straight. It’s impossible to remember every interesting thing you come across, let alone filter through the overwhelming amount of junk you see that isn’t interesting at all. So, make your first impression something that sticks. If a social media user sees a stray post that catches their attention, they’ll want to see if it came from someone who looks and sounds trustworthy. The same goes for a blog post they might read, or a new company they’re scoping out for a potentially lucrative partnership. Whatever the case may be, a strong bio is an opportunity to leave a lasting impression. If it’s written well, people might be more influenced to consider you an authority, someone to remember to reach out to, or eventually, even make a purchase from. When Would You Need to Write a Bio? There are lots of different situations where you might need to provide a bio. Here are a few: You work at a marketing or PR agency, and a client needs one to make an executive sound brilliant. It’s time to hunt for a new job, and your Twitter and LinkedIn profiles need some freshening up. The company’s website is getting a redesign, and each employee’s profile page needs a bio to go with it (and you get to/have to write it). Those are common scenarios everyone encounters sooner or later. Since they seem so easy to write, they can quickly become a trap though, something that doesn’t get done until the last minute (and things that get done at the last minute, tend to get done poorly). Recommended Reading: How to Easily Plan Copy for an Entire Website the Best Way Where Might Your Bio Appear? Plus, there are all kinds of places where it’s useful to have a crisp, clean, and creative description of yourself (or client or coworkers). Take a look at this list: Your company’s website or blog. Guest blogs (if you write on another company or writer’s blog). Any personal websites, blogs, or portfolio pages you might have. On your social media accounts. Within press releases about your company (say, if an executive plays a key part in a major achievement). Certainly, you can probably think of even more, too. But, if you have one that’s well-written, it can easily be repurposed and repackaged to fit wherever it’s needed. And that leads into the next point in this post. How Long Should a Bio Be? There’s no one-size-fit-all answer here. Social media accounts often have obvious restrictions on character counts that limit length. If you’re writing one to appear in a press release boiler plate or a blog bio box, a paragraph is generally sufficient. But, if you’re writing one for a website page, you might be able to run as short, or as long, as you’d like. In fact, there are arguments to be made for keeping things concise or going more in-depth. Recommended Reading: How Long Should a Blog Post Be to Get the Most Shares and Traffic? Why Consider Writing a Short Professional Bio People have short attention spans. According to the Nielsen Norman Group (via Crazy Egg), you have 59 seconds to hook a website viewer’s attention before they’ll leave. And they’re going to see a lot of things before they even get to your bio (headlines, homepage copy, and product pages are all possible places they’ll visit first). If hooking someone’s attention is hard, keeping it might be even more difficult, and arguably, no one wants to spend too much time getting to know you if they don’t have to. So, why not just get to the point? Take a look at this example from Influence and CO. founder John Hall: It’s just a couple concise paragraphs, plus a line for his email address. Note the smart inclusion of a Twitter follow button, too. This works because: It gets to the point. But, it doesn’t sacrifice substance for short length. It just excludes anything extraneous. The inclusion of links to other places to find him are smart. Writing a professional bio? Here's why you might want to keep it short.Why Consider Writing a Long Professional Bio But, what if you’re writing a description of a seasoned professional with tons of experience? How do you condense everything important to know about them into a short amount of space? That can be tough. And if people are likely to want to know all about the person’s story, it might make more sense to go long (spanning a few paragraphs, or even a whole page or more). Here’s another example from Darren Rowse, the founder of ProBlogger: While this bio is still fairly compact, it spans multiple paragraphs, and even includes a video. Then, it extends a bit further to include more information about Darren and his business: This works because: It puts the most important information first. While it goes into detail, it’s still tightly written. All additional information included is relevant and useful.

Definition and Examples of Inartistic Proof in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Inartistic Proof in Rhetoric Definition In classical rhetoric, inartistic proofs are proofs (or means of persuasion) that are not created by a speaker- that is, proofs that are applied rather than invented. Contrast with artistic proofs. Also called  extrinsic proofs or artless proofs. In the time of Aristotle, inartistic proofs (in Greek, pisteis atechnoi) included laws, contracts, oaths, and the testimony of witnesses. Examples and Observations [A]ncient authorities listed the following items as extrinsic proofs: laws or precedents, rumors, maxims or proverbs, documents, oaths, and the testimony of witnesses or authorities. Some of these were tied to ancient legal procedures or religious beliefs. ... Ancient teachers knew that extrinsic proofs are not always reliable. For instance, they were quite aware that written documents usually required careful interpretation, and they were skeptical of their accuracy and authority as well. (Sharon Crowley and Debra Hawhee, Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students, 4th edition. Longman, 2008) Aristotle on Inartistic Proofs Of the modes of persuasion some belong strictly to the art of rhetoric and some do not. By the latter [i.e., inartistic proofs] I mean such things as are not supplied by the speaker but are there at the outset- witnesses, evidence given under torture, written contracts, and so on. By the former [i.e., artistic proofs] I mean such as we can ourselves construct by means of the principles of rhetoric. The one kind has merely to be used, the other has to be invented. (Aristotle, Rhetoric, 4th century BC) The Blurred Distinction Between Artistic and Inartistic Proofs Pisteis (in the sense of means of persuasion) are classified by Aristotle into two categories: artless proofs (pisteis atechnoi), that is, those that are not provided by the speaker but are pre-existing, and artistic proofs (pisteis entechnoi), that is, those that are created by the speaker. ... Aristotles distinction between artistic and artless proofs is seminal, yet in oratorical practice the distinction is blurred, for artless proofs are handled quite artfully. The periodic introduction of documentary evidence, which required the speaker to stop while a clerk read, apparently served to punctuate the speech. Speakers could also introduce artless proofs not obviously relevant to the legal matter at hand in order to make broader claims, such as to show their civic-minded, law-abiding character or to illustrate the fact that the opponent despises the laws in general. ... Pisteis atechnoi could be used in other inventive ways not described in handbooks. From the early fourth century on, witness testimony was presented as written depositions. Since litigants themselves drafted the depositions and then had the witnesses swear to them, there could be considerable art in how the testimony was phrased. (Michael de Brauw, The Parts of the Speech. A Companion to Greek Rhetoric, ed. by Ian Worthington. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) Contemporary Applications of Inartistic Proofs An audience or listener can be motivated inartistically through extortions, blackmail, bribes, and pitiable behavior. Threats of force, appeals to pity, flattery, and pleading are borderline devices albeit often very effective. ... [I]nartistic proofs are effective methods of persuasion and legitimate insofar as they help the speaker attain his or her goals without undesirable concomitants. Speech teachers and rhetoricians do not customarily train students in the use of inartistic proofs, however. We assume that the natural processes of acculturation provide sufficient opportunities to develop skill at using them. What happens, of course, is that some people become very skillful at inartistic persuasions, while others do not learn them at all, thus placing themselves at a social disadvantage. ... While there are some serious ethical issues raised by the question of whether or not to teach students to be able to intimidate or cajole, it is certainly important for them to know about the possibilities. (Gerald M. Phillips, Communication Incompetencies: A Theory of Training Oral Performance Behavior. Southern Illinois University Press, 1991) Inartistic proof includes things not controlled by the speaker, such as the occasion, the time allotted to the speaker, or things that bound persons to certain action, such as undeniable facts or statistics. Also important to note are tactics of getting compliance by questionable means like torture, tricky or binding contracts that are not always ethical, and sworn oaths; but all of these methods actually coerce the receiver into compliance to one degree or another instead of actually persuading them. We know today that coercion or torture results in low commitment, which results not only in the lessening of desired action, but a reduction in the likelihood of attitude change. (Charles U. Larson, Persuasion: Reception and Responsibility, 13th ed. Wadsworth, 2013) Torture in Fiction and in Fact [A] new Fox television show titled 24 was aired only weeks after the events of 9/11, introducing a powerfully persuasive icon into the American political lexicon- the fictional secret agent Jack Bauer, who tortured regularly, repeatedly, and successfully to stop terrorist attacks on Los Angeles, attacks that often involved ticking bombs. ... By the 2008 presidential campaign, ... the invocation of Jack Bauers name served as political code for an informal policy of allowing CIA agents, acting on their own outside the law, to use torture for extreme emergencies. In sum, the worlds preeminent power grounded its most controversial policy decision of the early 21st century not on research or rational analysis but in fiction and fantasy. (Alfred W. McCoy, Torture and Impunity: The U.S. Doctrine of Coercive Interrogation. The University of Wisconsin Press, 2012)

Historical synthesis and imagination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Historical synthesis and imagination - Essay Example I am now narrating my life’s story to my little grandson because I want him to understand the life and times of those good old ancient days. The City of Chang’an was a beautiful city with broad streets, branching out into smaller side streets, and divided into 110 blocks. Each block had its temple and marketplace and was a complete unit. I often went out, in my younger days to the city, lunching in one of the many teashops, looking at the Acrobats performing their stunts by the roadside, sometimes stopping to listen to the storyteller narrate his wondrous experiences, some real and some imagined. I remember quite vividly how students, traders as well as pilgrims from all over Asia came here, making it one of the most well-known places in the world then. (pg 108) There were many students from countries like Korea and India who had come to our country to learn dancing and singing from our accomplished artists. I studied in a monastery run by the Buddhist monks, where I learnt arithmetic, multiplication, new words which I could look up in the dictionary, as well as good manners as to how I should speak to people using polite language. The books made use of now in this modern age are flat and bound, and very much different to the ones I was used to. I had to read from scrolls since books such as yours had not yet been made. We were taught to look up to our teachers, and they were one of the five objects of worship - earth, heaven, emperor and our parents being the other four we were taught to worship and respect them in every aspect. The Buddhist monks grew grains and other agricultural produce which they sometimes sold to the villagers for a good profit. Whenever anybody in the village wanted money they would approach these monks because they had earned a lot of money from the oil presses and mills which they operated. The monastery in which I studied was shut down in 841, because the rulers

Intercultural Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intercultural Communications - Essay Example This study operated on two essential aspects of international and non-international friendships of students. The scores based on intercultural attitudes and multicultural personality characteristics. The irony of the study regards the fact that students who had international friendships had low scores of intercultural interaction conception. It is vital to note that the study had a limited number of varieties to participants. This regards the fact that USA is an extensive area of varieties of cultural attitudes. For instance, there are schools that are located in rural areas. They differ from those that are located in town areas. The research group should have noted this and integrate varied data from different cultural scenarios. There are considerable and varied reactions to international students. For comprehensive information about cross-cultural interactions, research needs different contexts of intercultural friendships (Williams and Johnson 43). This is essential in eliminatin g barriers to comprehensive results. However, the research had a unique articulation. This regarded the fact that it based its theme on host attitudes, to international friendships. This was different from the familiar perspective of researching on international students, perceptions of their social scenarios. ... There were three hypotheses that based on this. To begin with, students, who had no international friendships, would have low emotional and cultural empathy. In addition, they would have low scores on open-mindedness and flexibility. Additionally, US students with no international friendships would have high scores on racism and related concepts of intolerance and emotional instability. Lastly, students, who had international friendships, would highly score on intercultural experiences and activities. The first hypothesis was the same to the result that stated of international friendships. It stated that students, who had international friendships, scored highly on open-mindedness. It is vital to note that the concept, of open-mindedness, is crucial for cross-cultural interactions. This is consistent with previous findings that state the same. In this sense, individuals, who are open-minded, have less inclination towards withdrawing themselves from other ethnic groups. The scores, of open-mindedness, are core elements of determining prejudice and intolerance. In this sense, highly open-minded individuals would have greater experience in inter-cultural communication and general interaction. As regards level of apprehension in communication, the results confirmed the second hypothesis. In this sense, students, who had international friendships, reported low apprehension in multi-cultural scenarios. This means that such students had low anxiety in cross-cultural scenarios because they had more experiences in the same. These findings are in line with the AUM theory that states of the same. It states that anxiety and apprehension

Apple Case Study Essay Example for Free

Apple Case Study Essay Apple Inc. (previously Apple Computer, Inc. ) is an American multinational corporation that designs and markets consumer electronics, computer software and personal computers. Apple currently has 246 retail stores located in 44 states that employs over 27,000 retail employees. Apple also employs over 304,000 U. S. individuals from development to transportations. As of September 11, 2012, Apple is the largest publicly traded company ever. Apple has established a unique reputation in the consumer electronics industry. This includes a customer base that is devoted to the company and its brand, particularly in the United States. Fortune magazine named Apple the most admired company in the United States in 2008 and in the world in 2008, 2009, 2010 and2011. This case study will not only highlight Apple’s strengths, it will also discuss its weaknesses and past failures that have laid the foundation to become one the most powerful companies in the world. As the story famously goes, â€Å"two Steves† started one of the biggest computer companies ever in a garage after quitting their day jobs. Steve Jobs worked at Atari, a computer and gaming company and Steve â€Å"Woz† Wozniak worked at Hewlett-Packard. A friend introduced the two seeing their mutual interest in electronics. Woz had built a computer in his spare time as a hobby. According to Charles Hill and Gareth Jones (2012), authors of Essentials of Strategic Management, â€Å"That is what people did in 1976,† (p. C13). Jobs realized that people might want to buy such a machine and persuaded Woz to set up a company to make and market it. Headquarters: Jobs’ garage in California. Thus Apple Computers was born. A total of 200 units were sold at a price of $666 each; the product rolled out on April Fool’s Day in 1976 at a local electronics store. The company went on to see great successes and some failures, and the two Steves are heralded as revolutionizing the personal computer industry. After improving on the garage computer, named Apple I, with better graphics, more data storage and a simpler looking machine, Apple introduced the Apple II in 1977. This personal computer that was user friendly to non-computer using consumers soon made the two twenty somethings into millionaires. Throughout the years, subsequent models that improved on the speed and design of the Apple II were released. With these improvements came additional products: software, external drives and printers, to name a few. By 1983, the Apple IIe was introduced, which would become Apple’s most popular and best-selling of all models. In the ‘80s and ‘90s, Apple computers became computing standard for elementary schools. By the time the Apple II line became defunct, more than 2 million Apple IIs had been sold and home computers were gaining popularity. Apple Computers also changed its name simply to Apple to reflect its diversity of products. During this general timeframe, Woz was piloting a plane that stalled and crashed; he suffered some memory loss. He returned to Apple sporadically throughout the ensuing years but formally ended his full-time association with the company in 1987. Two new engineers were brought on board for two new project ideas: Jeff Raskin for the Macintosh computer model and Bill Atkinson for the more business-oriented Lisa computer. The Macintosh became a success; the Lisa did not. In 1991 Apple continued to build on its founders’ guiding principle—that the individual, not the mainframe, should be at the center of the computing universe (â€Å"Silicon Valley,† 2012). The company introduced a portable Mac, which was the predecessor of the modern laptop. In 1993 it launched the Newton, a personal digital assistant which let consumers compute without sitting at a desk. The end of the 1990s brought yet another breakthrough Apple computer—the iMac, which touted power, ease of use and esthetics. The iPod, a digital music player and the iPhone, a phone with Internet capabilities, are two of Apple’s newest immensely popular products. Steve Jobs died of cancer in October of 2011 after working and leading on and off at Apple throughout the years; Woz is 62 and currently spends his time as a writer, speaker, researcher and philanthropist. Tim Cook is the current CEO of Apple. On August 20, Apple officially became the most valuable company in history in terms of market capitalization (â€Å"Forbes,† 2012). Heading into the final hour of trading on the NASDAQ, the stock had risen more than two percent, giving the company a market cap of over $620 billion with shared trading over $662 apiece. The reason—speculation over its newest product release—the iPhone 5. Identification of the company’s internal strengths and weaknesses Strengths: †¢Product development. Doesnt invent the market, but its products set high standards for the market †¢Design and utility. Sleek, not clunky. For instance, the desktop computer is part of the screen, not a separate box with wires; the iPhone has very few buttons and feels nice in the hand. Products are easy to use, almost intuitive †¢Marketing. Clever and takes advantages of peoples frustrations with other hardware †¢Brand name †¢ Globally recognized †¢Rapid growth and high profits †¢ Pioneer of innovative and high-tech quality products such as iPod, iPhone and iPad †¢Strong Research Development department (9% of sales devoted to RD) †¢ Having the control of both its own hardware and software †¢ Having had a visionary, charismatic and innovative CEO like Steve Jobs †¢ Apple retail store experience allowing customers to use and experience Apple’s products †¢ Having a large segment of loyal customers †¢Sales of add-on products Highlighting of its products as the world’s greenest line-up of notebooks Weaknesses: †¢Very proprietary and controlling. Wont open the operating system to outsiders to develop hardware to work with the products, keeping hardware sales to itself. While this keeps design control inside and up to standards, it has hurt wide adaptation of its hardware, especially computers, where it has a relatively small market share. Apple has veto power over Apps sold †¢ The death of Steve Jobs and the absence of his leadership will be a weakness for Apple as they find ways to match his innovation †¢Not shareholder-friendly. Has abused option granting in the past and refuses to pay a dividend despite a huge (and growing) cash level, no debt, and plentiful free cash flow †¢The battery life of the products are seen as weak †¢ Failure of two products; First Apple TV launch and Mac Mini †¢ Decision to restrict the iPhone to a single network †¢ The lack of QWERTY keyboard in products like iPad and iPhone †¢ Low market share in comparison with HP, Dell, Acer, Lenova and Toshiba †¢ Apple products are highly priced, so it is hard to suit their target market Opportunities: †¢Loyal customer base which has expanded beyond the Mac-heads of the 1990s with the iPod and the iPhone. The iPad has had a very successful launch. This seems to be leading to more sales of computers. †¢Has a well-deserved reputation for high-quality products that work smoothly. New products are generally well-received and have a built in purchasing base. †¢Move into other computer or media product spaces that are not served well. Can continue to design the standard-setter for those spaces. †¢A new version of Apple TV could take advantage of todays more highly developed Web. Threats: †¢Big ideas are easy to copy. Microsoft copied the graphical user interface, and even Linux has a version. The touchscreen interface is being used in other phones (e. g. Android). Apps are being developed for other smart phones and devices. †¢High-priced products. Apple priced itself out of the personal computer market, and that remains a problem. Other smartphones that look and behave similarly to the iPhone are less expensive. †¢Google is moving into Apples smartphone space by giving away the operating system, and it has announced that it will also be moving into the TV space. Both companies are well-funded, so any battle between the two could be long and ugly. Nature of external environment surrounding the company The industry grows and changes at an alarming pace. Every day there are new products that flood the market. New technology changes cell phones, laptops and new products are advertised every week. The major companies in the industry are Apple, Acer, Dell, and ‘Hewlett Packard’. In order for new companies to break into this market, they need to have a high entry barrier as well as a differentiated strategy from the existing companies. There is also a high learning curve with the customers getting accustomed to the new products. The existing brand names make the entry barrier very difficult to break into. Apple seems to be financially stable and healthy with weaknesses and threats that Apple has overcome and conquered in its past. The strengths show Apple’s foundation built upon a long line of unique products and branding, powerful research and development along with commanding marketing gurus that make Apple the powerhouse it has become today. Financially, the financial papers seem to be responsible and accountable with much thought put into Apple’s strategy. According to YCharts (June 30, 2012), Apple’s current ratio is 1. 71, which is slightly above book value. When you have a current ratio of 1, it means that your current assets are exactly the same as your current liabilities. â€Å"The current ratio measures a companys ability to pay short-term debts and other current liabilities by comparing current assets to current liabilities† (YCharts, 2007-2012, para. 1). Apple’s gross profit margin (sales-cost of goods sold/revenue) is 42. 81%, gross profit margin represents the percentage of each dollar of a companys revenue that is available to cover fixed costs after paying for the goods or services that were sold. With Apple seizing new opportunities every day, Apple will continue to dominate its markets for a long time to come and will remain fiscally responsible while continuing to make large profits, making it a wise decision to invest in the Apple organization. SWOT analysis It cannot be debated that Apple has many strengths. They should not, however, become complacent with their success and in order to maintain its competitive advantage, the company must constantly evaluate their internal and external operations and address its weaknesses and threats, as well as assess its strengths and use them appropriately. One of Apple’s current strengths is its brand recognition and strong brand image. Apple has effectively used this strength through product development. As Apple took the market by storm and was gaining momentum, it expanded its product offering. With each new product such as the iPhone and the iPad, consumers expected the same quality and ease of use as Apple’s preceding products as they had already established that position in the consumer mind. Apple also has an enviable position in the market place and in the minds of the financial world. Apple’s robust financial performance is strength as the growth in capital allows for continued growth. While reviewing the strengths, one must also consider the weaknesses. For example, Apple’s weaknesses can be demonstrated with the release of the iPhone 4 and the concerns over the antenna on the product and how it could affect the performance of the device. Product recalls can result in a damaged image and reputation which will affect sales. Recalls also result in warranty and other expenses. It is clear that Apple views the iPhone as a major opportunity. The iPhone leads the company in percentage of sales, and with he new release of the 4s, combined with additional service providers supporting the device, will continue to do so. The expanding tablet market and demand for mobile technology also makes the iPad market a big opportunity for Apple. Expanding in international markets is also a big opportunity for Apple. Despite its strengths and opportunities, Apple faces many threats. One major threat to the company’s iPhone growth is the rising popularity of Google’s Android. Critics and users alike have stated that the Android is comparable, if not superior, to the iPhone technology. This fierce competitor is sure to affect Apple’s market share. In conclusion, an overview of Apple’s SWOT allows us to break down current strengths, as well as weaknesses, opportunities and threats. This allows us to further analyze the company as a whole and is imperative when devising a corporate strategy. The kind of corporate level strategy the company is pursuing Apple’s corporate strategy is to focus on making the industries’ best products. They are a company that focuses on innovation, and also improvements on their existing products. They use the focused differentiation strategy, by making products that are exclusive, and fairly expensive. Not everyone can afford an Apple product. They focus on aligning their business strategy and their marketing strategy with product development. This is something that they do much better than their competitors, and this is a huge advantage for them. Apples target market is people who are willing to pay more for products with better user experience, people who like to have fun with technology, music enthusiasts and people who work with media and design professionals. They have done a good job by finding out which customer needs to satisfy. They have found out that these customers want a nice, beautiful and simple design and user input, and they have focused on programs that help photograph and edit both pictures and videos, as well as good music programs to both listen to and make music. To make these programs, they have to have to focus on innovation, and have programmers and designers that can make programs like thisthat are easy to use, beautiful to look at, and do what you expect them to do. The nature of the company’s business-level strategy Apple’s fundamental business model has not changed since it first began business in the late 1980s. Apple’s organizational strategy â€Å"think different† is to control the development and design of the hardware and software for all of its products. The company is focused on providing innovative products and solutions to consumers. Apple has a simple strategy of providing customers with the best products and experiences possible. Another strategy is offering exclusiveness of their products to certain providers and companies. This not only builds a strong working relationship, but also builds a strong want by consumers for Apple products. I think the most important strategy is their branding strategy. This includes making new products that supports a â€Å"digital hub† strategy. This is a concept where the products that Apple produces will function as a hub for digital devices such digital cameras, cell phones, etc. Apple focuses on the lifestyle of the customer which includes imagination, hopes, dreams, and many more attributes. They are committed to the customer (Apples branding strategy, 2011). Mission Statement Apple mission statement is as follows, â€Å"Apple designs Macs, the best personal computers in the world, along with OS X, iLife, iWork, and professional software. Apple leads the digital music revolution with its iPods and iTunes online store. Apple reinvented the mobile phone with its revolutionary iPhone and App Store, and has recently introduced its magical iPad which is defining the future of mobile media and computing devices (Investor relations, 2011). † Steve Jobs stated that Apple’s â€Å"core value that the company believes, is people with passion can change the world for the better. † He stressed that value at its core is something that should never change despite the world changing around it. The company’s structure and control systems and how they match its strategy Apple’s first product, the Apple I, was vastly different from the Apple products of today. This first handmade computer kit was constructed by Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak. It lacked a graphic user interface (GUI), and buyers had to add their own keyboard and display. Co-founder Steve Jobs convinced Wozniak that it could be sold as a commercial product. In 1976 the Apple I was unveiled at the Home Brew Computer Club and put on sale for $666. 66. Jobs and Wozniak continued to create innovative products. Soon their new company, Apple Computer Inc. , had surpassed $1 million in sales. However, the mid-1980s saw some difficult times for Apple. In 1983 the company introduced the Apple Lisa for $10,000. The product flopped. In 1985 Steve Jobs was ousted after internal conflicts with the Apple CEO. Its computer products the Mac I and the Newton were not successful, and the company underwent several CEO changes. With declining stock prices, the future of Apple was in jeopardy. Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 to try and save the struggling company. The return of Jobs introduced a new era for Apple. Jobs immediately began to change the company’s corporate culture. Before Jobs’ return, employees were more open about Apple projects. After he returned, Jobs instituted a â€Å"closed door† policy. Today Apple continues to remain vigilant in protecting its technology and ensuring that information remains proprietary. Jobs also created a more flattened organizational structure; rather than go through layers of management to address employees, he addressed them directly. Perhaps one of the most noticeable changes, however, was Apple’s expansion into new product lines within the electronics industry. In 2001 Apple launched the iPod—a portable music player that forever changed the music industry. The company also introduced iTunes, a type of â€Å"jukebox† software that allowed users to upload songs from CDs onto their Macs and then organize and manage their personalized song libraries. Two years later Apple introduced the iTunes Store, in which users could download millions of their favorite songs for $0. 99 each online. In 2007 Jobs announced that Apple Computer, Inc. would be re-named Apple Inc. This signified that Apple was no longer just a computer manufacturer but also a driver in consumer electronics. Some saw this as a shift away from computers toward consumer electronics such as Apple TV, iPods, iTunes, iPhones, and iPads. However, it may be more accurate to say that Apple is reinventing computers. With the introduction of tablet computers such as the iPad, Apple has begun to take market share away from its top competitors in the computer industry. Sales of desktops, laptops, and netbooks began to decline after tablet computers were introduced. Analysts believe that tablet computers will continue to grow at a rapid rate. Apple’s transition from a computer to a consumer electronics company is unprecedented—and hard to replicate. Although many can only speculate about why Apple succeeded so well, they tend to credit Steve Jobs’ remarkable leadership abilities, Apple’s highly skilled employees, and its strong corporate culture. Conclusion Today, Apple continues to lead the industry with their outstanding and ‘ award winning’ products and services. Apple is also credited with leading the digital media revolution with their iPod portable music and video players and iTunes online media store, creating the first sustainable music-downloading business model in history (Gershon, 2009, p. 367). The company has also entered the mobile phone industry with an altogether different business strategy known as† value innovation† with the iPhone. Value innovation focuses on making the competition irrelevant by opening up new and untapped markets, creating a leap in value for consumers. The iPhone is yet another product that has changed the way the industry defines new product standards and possibilities. With growing demand for high-quality, powerful, user-friendly, and cost effective products, Apple is undoubtedly the leader in terms of bringing these ideas to life. The company realizes that rather than publicly announcing product development plans years in advance, products are better received with an â€Å"awe† response if they are simply released when they’re finished as opposed to providing â€Å"beta† or â€Å"demo† versions to the public. This is an excellent strategy when the goal is to keep consumers eager for the latest products and asking, â€Å"What could they possibly improve next? †

Powerful Characterization in The Invisible Man :: Ralph Ellison, The Invisible Man

     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ralph Ellison manages to develop a strong philosophy through characterization in the Invisible Man. Ellison portrays the lonely narrator's quest in struggling to search for his identity and an understanding of his times. The well development of the character lays out the foundation on the philosophy of finding and understanding himself. Through a labyrinth of corruption and deceit the narrator undergoes events that manage to enrich his experience and further contribute in his search for himself.   Such scenes include the battle royal scene, the college, Trueblood's visit, and the blueprint seller.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The narrator at first never realizes his innocence. At first the timid Invisible Man is invited to attend his scholarship award ceremony. However with other Negroes he is rushed to the front of the ballroom where a stripper frightens them by dancing in nude. After staging the "battle royal" and attacking one another in response to the drunken shouts of the rich white folk, the boy is brought to give his prepared oration of gratitude to the white benefactors. An accidental remark to equality nearly ruins him, but the narrator manages to survive and is given a briefcase containing a scholarship to a Negro college. This acts a high peak in the narrator's quest since it sets him for his struggle in searching for himself.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The narrator adores the college however is thrown out before long by its president, Dr.Bledsoe, the great educator and leader of his race. Ironically the narrator had seen Dr.Bledsoe as an idol aiming to gradually impersonate him. He was expelled for permitting, Mr.Norton , one of the college founders into the slave quarters and the Golden Day bar.   After that incident the Invisible Man goes through the sense that he is losing his identity. This initiates an air of confusion as the narrator is now brought in a quarrel against himself.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the prologue the Invisible Man quotes, "I was naà ¯ve...I was looking for myself and asking everyone except myself questions which only I could answer." The narrator is tempted to set out in the quest to search for his identity. The prologue identified the theme to the readers. It was however during Trueblood's visit that the character manages to learn about his true background and roots. It is through such people, of his true

Foreign literature Essay

Many students who come from other countries to study in the US wish to stay and work after graduation. This allows them to continue their exploration of a different culture, while at the same time develop professional experience that will further their careers. The following is an overview of employment options for foreign national students graduating from US colleges and universities, according to the type of visa they hold. Note that these options can change at any time so students should check with the resources included below for the latest regulations and details or if appropriate a professional service specializing in assisting international students and workers in the US. Student Visas for US Employment Both undergraduate and graduate students can apply to remain in the US for employment-based training for 12-18 months after completion of their studies, depending on their visa status. The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS, formerly known as INS) defines this training as employment related to the student’s course of study. Without proper authorization, off-campus employment is illegal. Optional Practical Training for Foreign Student Visa (F-1) Holders Most international students are Foreign Student Visa (F-1) holders. After they have completed a course of study, F-1 students can apply for Optional Practical Training (OPT), which allows them to work up to 12 months following the receipt of a degree. (Each degree, starting with the bachelor’s, must be a higher degree than the previous one.) Steps to apply for OPT include: Make an appointment with an international student advisor that is scheduled at least 3 months before the end of the period of study Obtain a Practical Training Recommendation form from the school’s international student services Ask an academic advisor to complete the form Complete USCIS Form I-765 Photocopy both sides of Form I-94 Write check or money order for $180 payable to USCIS Obtain two passport photos of the student, and photocopy all passport pages Photocopy Form I-20 Go to appointment with international student advisor with all of the above  materials Once the OPT application has been submitted, it takes 2-3 months to receive an Employment Authorization Document (EAD). Upon receipt of the Optional Practical Training authorization card, graduates can legally work. After the EAD has been issues, the approved period of time cannot be changed. Therefore, students who have not completed their studies by the date provided on their application will not be able to begin working full time until all their studies are completed, and they will not get back time lost. In some cases, once an employee reaches the end of their OPT, an employer may wish to sponsor them for an H1-B Temporary Worker Visa (see below). This allows the employee to continue to work for that company an additional 3-6 years. Academic Training for Exchange Visitor Student Visa (J-1) Holders Exchange Visitor Student Visa (J-1) holders can apply for Academic Training (AT), which allows them to work off-campus in full-time, paying jobs related to their field. The total amount of time allotted for AT is 18 months (regardless of the number of degrees obtained while studying in the US) and can be completed either before or after a graduate’s period of study. Both undergraduate and graduate-level students are eligible. Postdoctoral fellows are allowed to apply for an additional 18 months, for a total of 36 months of AT. Steps to apply for AT include: Applications for AT should be submitted at least two weeks prior to the date employment is scheduled to begin  Obtain a job offer letter from an employer that includes job title, brief description of employment â€Å"goals and objectives,† dates and location of employment, number of hours per week, salary amount, and  name and address of supervisor Ask the international student services office for a recommendation form, and give to an academic advisor along with a copy of the job offer letter; the advisor’s recommendation letter should note that the AT is an integral part of the student’s academic program Schedule an appointment with an international student services advisor and bring the above materials along with a current passport If the J-1 Responsible Officer evaluates the AT program and decides it is warranted and appropriate, he or she will authorize the AT and issue a new DS-2019 If one period of AT ends, or if the job ends, a new application must be submitted and authorization granted for any new period of AT. Some J-1 students may have a â€Å"two-year home country residence† requirement, which prevents them from continuing employment with an H-1B visa (see below) after academic training, unless the requirement is waived. Worker Visas for Long Term Employment H-1B Temporary Worker Visa Once a period of Optional Practical Training or Academic Training is completed, Federal regulations require that employment be terminated. However, graduates may continue their employment if the USCIS approves a change in visa type to H-1B Temporary Worker, the most common type of work visa. There is a quota of how many H-1B Visas can be granted per fiscal year (between October 1 and September 31). Some non-profit research institutions and universities are exempt. H-1B Visa holders must be sponsored by their current or prospective employer, and the position must be a professional one. The sponsoring organization petitions the USCIS and the Department of Labor for the H1B, which can take 4-6 months before the employee’s new immigration status is granted. Employees cannot change companies without jeopardizing their visa status,  and the visa ends when employment with that company ends, or after six years, whichever is shorter. Finding an Employer American employers often see international students as assets, as they possess both multicultural and multilingual skills, and an education from a US institution. Additionally, when they hire a foreign national with a student visa, organizations are not required to prove that there is no American available for the position (which they have to do with green cards). However, some employers are reluctant to interview F-1 Visa holders because they know their worker will have to leave in one year, unless the employer is willing to sponsor a change to H-1B Visa status. Potential employers may also be concerned about their own lack of familiarity with the process, and hesitant to invest money in training an employee who, sooner or later, will want to return to their home country. The following tips can help in securing an F-1, J-1, or H-1B job: Work while in school – Take advantage of Curricular Practical Training (CPT) internships during school to gain valuable experience Communicate well – Become as fluent as possible in spoken and written English Develop an excellent resume – Design targeted resumes according to American expectations (keep to one page; address only ability, skills and experience; do not include personal information such as race, age, or parents’ occupations) Keep an open mind – Consider less desirable field-related jobs in addition to ideal opportunities — they can lead to more desirable positions later Educate employersAssure employers that the government issues a specific number of H1-B visas each year, so if a visa is not issued to the current student, it will go to another student for another company – the employer will not be depriving Americans of jobs Sell uniqueness – Communicate to employers the benefits they will receive by hiring an international student (resourcefulness, determination, ability to adapt, multilingual, overcoming challenges, etc.) www.braintrack.com

A Description of Marketing Essay

Philip Kotler has defined marketing as satisfying needs and wants through an exchange process. The marketing concept is the philosophy that firm should analyze the need of costumer and then make decision to satisfy those needs, the better than competition. A marketing plan is a comprehensive blueprint which outlines an organization’s overall marketing efforts. The last step in the process is the marketing controlling. The marketing plan can function from two points that is strategy and tactics. In most organizations, strategic planning is an annual process, typically covering just the year ahead. Occasionally, a few organizations may look at a practical plan which stretches three or more years ahead. Behind the corporate objectives, which in themselves offer the main context for the marketing plan, will lay the corporate mission, which in turn provides the context for these corporate objectives. In a sales-oriented organization, the marketing planning function designs incentive pay plans to not only motivate and reward frontline staff fairly but also to align marketing activities with corporate mission. The marketing plan basically aims to make the business provide the solution with the awareness with the expected customers. According to Malcolm McDonald, marketing strategies can be seen as the means, or game plan, by which marketing objectives will be achieved and, in the framework that we have chosen to use, are generally concerned with the 8 P’s that is price, product, promotion, placement, people, physical, process and packaging. See more:Â  Mark Twain’s Humorous Satire in Running for Governor Essay * Price is the amount of money needed to buy products * Product is the actual product * Promotion is getting the product known by all people. * Placement is where the product is sold * People is represent the business * Physical environment is the ambiance, mood, or tone of the environment * Process is the Value-added services that differentiate the product from the competition e.g. after-sales service, warranties * Packaging is how the product will be protected A marketing plan for a small business typically includes Small Business Administration Description of competitors, including the level of demand for the product or service and the strengths and weaknesses of competitors, description of the product or service, including special features, marketing budget, including the advertising and promotional plan, Description of the business location, including advantages and disadvantages for marketing, pricing strategy, and market segmentation.

Criminology essayEssay Writing Service

Criminology essayEssay Writing Service Criminology essay Criminology essayCesare Beccaria is known for his revolutionary role in the sphere of criminal science. He is the key thinker and initiator of the abolitionist movement who made a great contribution to criminology, mainly by introducing well grounded arguments against the death penalty that still evoke different opinions on whether it has been justified to implement such kind of punishment and whether people have a right to slaughter their fellows in such a brutal way. Back in 1764, the Italian thinker Cesare Beccaria published his writing widely known under the title On Crimes and Punishments. By writing this treatise, Beccaria aimed at arguing that there should be some proportion between crimes and punishments (Bessler, 2009). It seemed quite absurd to Beccaria that the laws, which were supposed to be the direct expression of the social acceptance, ought to allow the public murder.Beccaria stood for the elimination of the barbarous kinds of execution arguing that they are a violati on to the laws of nature. He voted for the liberty of every human being. He stated his position by saying that the death penalty cannot be perceived as a human right, but rather as the national war against citizens. The essence of his writing lies in the fact that he viewed the human life itself as a natural right calling for the abolition of the death penalty.   Thus, the contribution of Beccaria to criminology cannot be argued about, as in his philosophical writings, he expressed the strong and truly revolutionary opposition against the death penalty as a means of punishment. And his writings were the turning point for the criminal science in terms of the evolution of crime punishment. His writings attracted the attention of the public and authorities breaking the ancient views and raising a question of whether death penalty is at all justified. In order to break through the skeptical views on this matter, Beccaria expressed well grounded views against the barbaric and totally u seless tortures practiced by people who claimed to be wise (Bessler, 2009).Thus, the contribution of Cesare Beccaria to the development of criminal science should not be underestimated. Nowadays, people shudder with horror when reading about the violent tortures leading to unjustified deaths of numerous people who sometimes were severely punished without enough evidence that they were at all responsible for this or that criminal act (Carroll, 1998). The history bristles with the examples when totally innocent people have been severely executed by the authorities who used barbarous ways of punishment. In his writings, Beccaria expressed his indignity with death penalty, thus turning the whole criminal science upside down and causing a real revolution in the minds of people. Contemporary criminology perceives Cesare Beccaria as a key thinker who managed to give persuasive evidence that death penalty is not the right kind of punishment that should be applied even in case a person is to blame for severe criminal actions. Beccaria proclaimed the liberty of every human being and thus, taking away one’s life cannot be justified in any way.Part II. The main components of positivism and its roleThe notion of positivism finds its roots in the philosophy closely linked to logic, while criminology grew from the social science and became a major method of analyzing the essence of crime. Positivist movement was introduced in the late 19th century implementing a scientific approach to the criminology. Positivism evolved from biological theories emphasizing the idea of the so-called â€Å"born criminal† to the theories referring crime to psychological and social factors as the major cause of criminal action. The main component of positivism is logic that is based on three major aspects. These are biological, psychological and social ones. Positivism is all grounded on the rational approval or disapproval with scientific assertions (Barlow Kauzlarich, 2010). Unl ike other approaches to criminology, positivism aims at obtaining the objective facts and is much more concerned with revealing the meaning behind one’s actions.One of the key components of positivism is rationalism aimed at uncovering the reasons behind behavior digging deep into the psyche of certain categories of individuals. Positivism is characterized by the replacement of ideological views with scientific ones that are all based on rational theories. Positivism tried to reveal some sort of defect inside criminally inclined individuals causing prejudice towards criminal behavior itself.The major role of positivism is that it managed to avert the attention of criminal scientists from the classical standpoint that was widely promoted prior to the positivism movement. Here, it needs to be mentioned that classicism being first formulated by the prominent figure Cesare Beccaria was based on the idea that one’s decision to commit some kind of crime is rational assuming that all humans are by nature liable to commit crime (Comte Lenzer, 1998). And this was the main difference of classical criminal science from positivism that viewed criminals as fundamentally different individuals biologically, sociologically, psychologically or in a certain mixture of all these three aspects.Biological positivism was based on certain predisposition to the appearance of criminals and positivist scientists who explored this aspect created a whole description of the criminally inclined individual. Some of the positivist scientists supported the opinion that the blame should be removed from some individual criminals with biological defects on the grounds that these defects show that the individual acted without free will. Some other positivist scientists focused on the psychological and social factors as the major causes of criminal acts. The social positivists expressed an opinion that all people are to some extent affected by the environment, thus the criminal is a product of the society as it had direct influence on the criminal’s behavior. Finally, psychological positivism focused on the notions of aggression, violence, sexuality and psychopathology (Comte Lenzer, 1998). These scientists developed the theories of personality and strongly believed that the criminal behavior should be investigated on the basis of the offender’s personal psychological traits.Judging from the above stated facts, it can be concluded that positivism was wholly based on three main components: biological, social and psychological. All of these components form the basis of the positivist movement. In such a way, positivism surely made a great contribution to the evolution of criminal science.Part III. The role of prisons and their effectiveness in modern American societyThe role of prisons and their major functions cannot be identified without giving a definition of the notion of prison itself. It needs to be mentioned that over the past decades, the role of prisons has evolved. People tend to view prisons as correctional institutions, however, their definition changes along with the constantly changing American society (Gilling, 1997). Prisons are generally considered to be special state institutions that limit the liberty of convicted offenders for the sake of social security, but this definition seems to be no longer accurate (Lombroso, Gibson Rafter, 2006). The philosophy concerning incarceration and its major role has changed from rehabilitation to limitation of freedom of those individuals who pose some sort of threat to the public safety and security. Today, criminalists perceive prisons’ major function as keeping offenders away from the public in order to ensure the public safety and avoid repetition of crime (MacCormick, 1950).The justification for imprisonment lies in the fact that it reduces the crime rate within the country. And this is probably one of the most actively debated issues in modern days. Some cri minal scientists argue that the increase of prison populations does not necessarily reduce criminal activity (O’Brien Yar, 2008). Thus, it is arguable whether imprisonment leads to the decline of crime rates. Simply locking up the offenders does not guarantee the safety of common public in the streets, although to some extent it is really so. However, the essence of crime is quite complex, and that is why there is no definite answer to whether prisons are at all effective in modern society.In fact, it should be admitted that nowadays prisons cannot be perceived as the most effective or desirable policy for ensuring social safety. In the United States, however, prisons are still used as the basic means of keeping criminals away from the public. Nonetheless, prisons have long stopped being means of either correction or rehabilitation. And thus, their effectiveness has considerably dropped. Although it is evident that prisons provide the society with some kind of protection fro m crime by keeping offenders away from the public for some period of time, all this does not ensure that criminal activities will extinct (Sampson Laub, 1993). Modern American society surely seeks to protect itself against the violent acts of certain individuals, but imprisonment is hardly the most effective way to achieve this. And even extremely long sentences for some kinds of crimes or life imprisonment cannot guarantee that the American society can live in a peaceful environment without any criminal activity around. Thus, there should be found some alternative and more effective ways of preventing crimes and reducing crime rates.ConclusionTo conclude, the above research investigated different aspects of criminal science. Firstly, it gave a full-fledged analysis of the contribution of Cesare Beccaria to criminology and the sociology of deviance. It needs to be said that Cesare Beccaria played a revolutionary role in the way that he was among the key thinkers who voted for the a bolishment of death penalty that was customary in ancient times. He managed to reveal the essence of such kind of punishment showing that it is a violation of basic human rights. His contribution lies in the fact that he has given evidence and much justified information on the negative sides of death penalty as a direct violation of the laws of nature. Thus, his contribution to the criminal science should in no way be underestimated.Secondly, the presented research revealed the basic features of positivism and its key components that are categorized as social, psychological and biological. All of these essential components of positivism have been fully discussed and argued about. The research also pointed out that positivism is all about rational thinking based on scientific logic. Such issue as the role of positivism for the evolution of criminal science has also been defined and investigated. Its major role implies turning from the classical school of criminology to a new and tota lly different one.Thirdly, the research analyzed the role and effectiveness of prisons as means of ensuring social security within the United States. In fact, prisons have stopped being institutions of rehabilitation or punishment, but turned into the institutions that keep criminals away from common people who require safe and secure living conditions. However, it has been admitted that imprisonment does not guarantee the decline of crime rates as simply locking up the aggressive and violent individuals cannot ensure total extinction of criminal activity within the country. The above research is based on the existing investigations in the sphere of criminal science summarizing and analyzing their application to the criminology of modern days.

Olvidar Conjugation in Spanish, Translations, Examples

Olvidar Conjugation in Spanish, Translations, Examples Olvidar is the Spanish verb for to forget, although it can also refer to leaving something behind, even if done intentionally. To conjugate  olvidar  follow the pattern for regular -ar verbs. This article includes the conjugations for all the simple tenses of olvidar: the present and imperfect tenses in the indicative and subjunctive moods; the indicative preterite and future; the conditional; and the imperative or command forms. Youll also find the past and present participle, which are used  for the compound tenses. Among the few Spanish words derived from olvidar are olvido (an oversight or minor error) and olvidadizo (forgetful). Present Indicative Tense of Olvidar Yo olvido I forget Yo olvido las llaves de la casa. T olvidas You forget T olvidas las reglas del juego. Usted/l/ella olvida You/he/she forgets l olvida la letra de la cancin. Nosotros olvidamos We forget Nosotros olvidamos los pasos de baile. Vosotros olvidis You forget Vosotros olvidis los nombres de las personas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidan You/they forget Ellos olvidan los malos momentos. Olvidar Preterite The preterite  is one of the two simple past tenses of Spanish. It is used for actions that occurred over a definite time. The other past tense, the imperfect, is for actions that occurred during an indefinite period. Yo olvid I forgot Yo olvid las llaves de la casa. T olvidaste You forgot T olvidaste las reglas del juego. Usted/l/ella olvid You/he/she forgot l olvid la letra de la cancin. Nosotros olvidamos We forgot Nosotros olvidamos los pasos de baile. Vosotros olvidasteis You forgot Vosotros olvidasteis los nombres de las personas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidaron You/they forgot Ellos olvidaron los malos momentos. Imperfect Indicative Form of Olvidar The imperfect form can be translated to English as used to forget. Yo olvidaba I used to forget Yo olvidaba las llaves de la casa. T olvidabas You used to forget T olvidabas las reglas del juego. Usted/l/ella olvidaba You/he/she used to forget l olvidaba la letra de la cancin. Nosotros olvidbamos We used to forget Nosotros olvidbamos los pasos de baile. Vosotros olvidabais You used to forget Vosotros olvidabais los nombres de las personas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidaban You/they used to forget Ellos olvidaban los malos momentos. Olvidar Future Tense There is little difference in meaning between the simple future and the periphrastic future, although the latter is more colloquial or informal. Yo olvidar I will forget Yo olvidar las llaves de la casa. T olvidars You will forget T olvidars las reglas del juego. Usted/l/ella olvidar You/he/she will forget l olvidar la letra de la cancin. Nosotros olvidaremos We will forget Nosotros olvidaremos los pasos de baile. Vosotros olvidaris You will forget Vosotros olvidaris los nombres de las personas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidarn You/they will forget Ellos olvidarn los malos momentos. Periphrastic Future of Olvidar Yo voy a olvidar I am going to forget Yo voy a olvidar las llaves de la casa. T vas a olvidar You are going to forget T vas a olvidar las reglas del juego. Usted/l/ella va a olvidar You/he/she is going to forget l va a olvidar la letra de la cancin. Nosotros vamos a olvidar We are going to forget Nosotros vamos a olvidar los pasos de baile. Vosotros vais a olvidar You are going to forget Vosotros vais a olvidar los nombres de las personas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas van a olvidar You/they are going to forget Ellos van a olvidar los malos momentos. Present Progressive/Gerund Form of Olvidar The gerund, also known as the present participle, is used in making the continuous or progressive tenses. Gerund:  olvidando  (forgetting) Él est olvidando la letra de la cancià ³n.   Past Participle of Olvidar The past participle can be used as an adjective or in forming the perfect tenses. An example of the adjectival use is  los hà ©roes olvidados (the forgotten heroes). Participle:  olvidado  (forgotten) Él ha olvidado la letra de la cancià ³n.   Conditional Form of Olvidar As its name suggests, the  conditional  tense is used for actions that would occur if certain other conditions are met. Those conditions need not be explicitly stated, although they are in these examples. Yo olvidara I would forget Yo olvidara las llaves de la casa, pero las ato a mis pantalones. T olvidaras You would forget T olvidaras las reglas del juego, pero lo conoces muy bien. Usted/l/ella olvidara You/he/she would forget l olvidara la letra de la cancin, pero la escucha todos los das. Nosotros olvidaramos We would forget Nosotros olvidaramos los pasos de baile si no tuviramos un buen profesor. Vosotros olvidarais You would forget Vosotros olvidarais los nombres de las personas, pero tenis buena memoria. Ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidaran You/they would forget Ellos olvidaran los malos momentos si quisieran ser felices. Present Subjunctive of Olvidar The  present subjunctive deals with mood and is used in situations of doubt, desire, or emotion. Que yo olvide That I forget Violeta espera que yo olvide las llaves de la casa. Que t olvides That you forget Es una lstima que t olvides las reglas del juego. Que usted/l/ella olvide That you/he/she forget Rebeca espera que l olvide la letra de la cancin. Que nosotros olvidemos That we forget Pablo quiere que nosotros olvidemos los pasos de baile. Que vosotros olvidis That you forget David teme que vosotros olvidis los nombres de las personas. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas olviden That you/they forget Jos espera que ellos olviden los malos momentos. Imperfect Subjunctive Forms of Olvidar The first of these options is more common and less formal. Option 1 Que yo olvidara That I forgot Violeta esperaba que yo olvidara las llaves de la casa. Que t olvidaras That you forgot Era una lstima que t olvidaras las reglas del juego. Que usted/l/ella olvidara That you/he/she forgot Rebeca esperaba que l olvidara la letra de la cancin. Que nosotros olvidramos That we forgot Pablo quera que nosotros olvidramos los pasos de baile. Que vosotros olvidarais That you forgot David tema que vosotros olvidarais los nombres de las personas. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidaran That you/they forgot Jos esperaba que ellos olvidaran los malos momentos. Option 2 Que yo olvidase That I forgot Violeta esperaba que yo olvidase las llaves de la casa. Que t olvidases That you forgot Era una lstima que t olvidases las reglas del juego. Que usted/l/ella olvidase That you/he/she forgot Rebeca esperaba que l olvidase la letra de la cancin. Que nosotros olvidsemos That we forgot Pablo quera que nosotros olvidsemos los pasos de baile. Que vosotros olvidaseis That you forgot David tema que vosotros olvidaseis los nombres de las personas. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidasen That you/they forgot Jos esperaba que ellos olvidasen los malos momentos. Imperative Forms of Olvidar The imperative mood is used for giving direct commands. Imperative (Positive Command) T olvida Forget! Olvida las reglas del juego! Usted olvide Forget! Olvide la letra de la cancin! Nosotros olvidemos Lets forget! Olvidemos los pasos de baile! Vosotros olvidad Forget! Olvidad los nombres de las personas! Ustedes olviden Forget! Olviden los malos momentos! Imperative (Negative Command) T no olvides Dont forget! No olvides las reglas del juego! Usted no olvide Dont forget! No olvide la letra de la cancin! Nosotros no olvidemos Lets not forget! No olvidemos los pasos de baile! Vosotros no olvidis Dont forget! No olvidis los nombres de las personas! Ustedes no olviden Dont forget! No olviden los malos momentos!

The Path to Be A Financial Planer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Path to Be A Financial Planer - Essay Example That is true, and I don’t want to be a corrupt official. Before I went to this school, I realized that I had to think of something good as I must decide to choose a major which is related with my future career. After much consideration and consultation with my parents, I finally chosen finance and investment. I decided to learn business not only because of my father who is my idol as a businessman, but also because I believe it can offer you higher salaries that could allow me to live a comfortable life. However, the question of choosing the major was still an issue to b resolved. The most conversant career that I know is the financial planner. In high school, my teacher Mrs. Fang in China informed us a lot of about our majors. Of course, I heard a lot about my profession which I am most interested in. She told us the major subject always provide you an opportunity to train as future professional financial planners in the after graduation. We can work at security companies, insurance companies, banks, investment advisory companies, asset management companies, futures companies, fund companies, and other financial enterprises as financial advisers, financial planners, industry analysts, account managers, counter staffs, and other positions in the company can operate within the financial planning process. Furthermore, my teacher told me that it is easy to find a job as a graduate who learns the finance major. Among them, I selected financial planner. However, it is still difficult for me to decide to be an entrepreneur or an employee. At the time I chose my major, I decided to study in America as it is easy to find a job. Then I successfully entered the university, and was admitted to the major I am now - finance and investment. However, the cost of learning in America shocked me. Calculating the cost of $477 per undergraduate credit hour, I would pay $ 14,306 just in tuition as a full time student,